making over again rather than a renewal of former powers.1 Since the two terms are used synonymously, we should view the καί as resumptive—‘through the washing of regeneration, even the renewal of the Holy Spirit’.2 Thus the Holy Spirit is the Agent of the action denoted by both words: the regeneration and renewal are alike wrought by the Spirit. It is misleading to imply that regeneration is effected by the washing but renewal by the Holy Spirit; the Spirit is the Author of both. λουτροῦ παλινγενεσίας